The eight Stages of Development

The eight Stages of Development Article: A Personality Measure of Erikson ´s Life Stages: The Inventory of Psychosocial Balance Source: Journal of Personal Assessment, 1990 Summary: Theses article deals with all the eight Erikson ´s psychosocial stages. A pool of 208 items that survived a clinical analysis was administered to 528 subjects and then factor analyzed. It focuses on life-span development. Due to this fact, the study reports on the development and initial validation of an instrument, the Inventory of psychosocial balance (IPB). It was designed to measure all eight stages, with a primary focus on its implementation to adult subjects. The method is composed of a scale development, subjects and a factor analysis. The analysis of Ericson`s eight stages resulted in an initial pool of 346 items, written to reflect both positive and negative aspects of the eight stages. Each item was five-point Likert response format ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5). In addition the pool was administered to 528 subjects. The sample was quite heterogeneous. The respondent had to rate 0%-100% scale, how successfully they had met each of 19 life challe nges for example productive person, trusting other people or loving someone etc. The 528 IPB protocols were submitted to a factor analysis using a principal component and a correlational analysis with self-ratings of life challenges. The factor analysis eight meaningful factors corresponding to the eight stage: trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity and ego integrity. The total variance accounted for by the eight factors is 72,34 %, with the trust factor having the largest percentage of variance (17,46%) and the Ego Integrity factor having the smallest (5,47%). The evidence presented suggests that the IPB is an psychometrically reliable and valid instrument to analyze life-span to approach personality development. The IPB shows adaptive range of subjects , from college age adolescents to elderly and its reliability and validity appear satisfactory. The IPB represents a vertical translation of Erikson`s psychosocial stages. 2. Article: Psychology Development and Friendship Functions in Adolescence Source: Sex Roles, Vol. 25 Summary: The articles is about the relationship between friendship variables and adolescent psychosocial development, in particular identity and psychosocial intimacy as focused by Erikson. This research includes sex differences. Erikson rather did not explicitly postulate differentepigenetic charts for males and females, nor did he suggest different processes for males and females in terms of movement through the experiences of crisis and commitment at each stage of development. The aim of the present research was to investigate different styles of identity and intimacy development through examination (a) of whether the sexes differed in their relative proportions across these different styles, and (b) whether specific friendship beliefs and characteristics were associated with the different styles. The styles were defined by establishing four groups based on high and low scoring on the identity and intimacy measures used. In fact, friendship patterns are likely to be relevant to both identity and intimacy formation, although their meanings and importance may well vary for males and females. One hypothesis tested in the present study, therefore, was that females and ma les would be unequally distributed across developmental style, with relatively more males choosing the High Identity road tomaturity and relatively more females the High Intimacy style. In contrast to this hypothesis the research shows that there were no differences between the sexes in their choice of developmental style. But those in the high-identity-high-intimacy and the high-identity-low-intimacy groups were more satisfied with their friendships, which appeared affectively richer. In addition the friendship during adolescence and youthhas an unique and important influence in the life of the individual. The research appears that there are differences between same- and opposite-sex friendships. Sex differences showed that while friendship variables were more strongly chained with development for boys, girls viewed their relationships as closer and imputed more importance to this closeness. The method is composed of a sample of secondary school students and college students. Subje cts were drawn from two secondary schools and two colleges, each ofthese institutions serving students from middle to lower middle class areas. The attendant were asked friendship questions, which were divided in four sections: Section ADemographic variables; Section BIntimacy and Identity scales; Section CGeneral friendship information; Section D-Specific best friend information. The total questionnaire took about 30 minutes to complete. For example in section B, the identity and intimacy measures administered were subscales of the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory. The EPSI is a self-report inventory that measures resolution of the conflicts associated with the first six of Eriksons psychosocial stages. Items are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from almost always true to hardly ever true. In order to investigate the relationships between two sets of friendship factors (General factors and Specific Close Friendship (Same Sex)) and other variables of concern, factor scores on eachfactor were computed, using the regression method. In conclusion friendship and romantic relationships developed with psychosocial maturity, independently (as far as can be judged by this research), but not as alternatives. 3. Article: Generativity Versus Stagnation: An Elaboration of Eriksons Adult Stage of Human Development Source: Journal of Adult Development, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2003 Summary: This research focuses on the adult stage of generativity vs. stagnation by Erikson`s psychosocial development. The research offers new concepts which are associated to Eriksons theory of development in the form of 7 psychosocial conflicts. The stage of generativity versus stagnation represents the major conflict of adulthood. The research starts with an Eriksonian viewpoint, and then, makes changes to argue for a competing conception, which could be understood within Eriksons original proposal and placed within the developmental chart. The research appears a tentative explanation of how each major stage of development takes form during adulthood and it also shows an impression of how these conflicts fill out Eriksons theory. 7 psychosocial conflicts are analyzed: inclusivity vs. exclusivity, pride vs. embarrassment, responsibility vs. ambivalence, career productivity vs. inadequacy, parenthood vs. self-absorption, being needed vs. alienation, and honesty vs. denial. Each conflict is connected to one of Eriksons other stages of development. The analyze try to enlarge Ericson`s 7 conflicts. In conclusion the conflicts could be defined empirically and validated by connecting them with other measures of ego development and generativity. The conflicts and crises of adulthood could be made more clear and at the same time more complex by using the humanities to draw out and illustrate the ramifications of each conflict. There is also a need to connect these ideas with history and broader societal issues. 4. Article: Development and Validation of a Measure of Eriksonian Industry Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991, Col. 60, No. 3, 390-397 Summary: This study place emphasis on the fourth stage of Erikson`s psychosocial development: industry-inferiority. Operationalization of the industry construct was begun by describing it as consisting of three components: skills and knowledge, their application, and affective experience of their acquisition and application in useful directions. These components span the cognitive (Component 1: skills and knowledge), behavioral (Component 2: Application of Skills and Knowledge) and affective domains (Component 3: Attitudes Toward and Experience of the Acquisition and Application of Skills and Knowledge). The process of demonstrating predictive validity for the current measure, a step on the way to establishing construct validity for the concept of industry, consisted of several procedures. The first involved determining the conceptual validity of the current definition of industry by correlating each componentscore both with each other and with the overall mean industry score. Second, childrens own industry scores were correlated with those provided by two categories of observers, teachers and parents. Third, seven variables were selected in order to assess the predictive validity of the new industry measure. Three of these were behavioral and four were based on test responses. The first behavioral measure for example involved observation of classroom behavior, that is, on-task versus off-task performance. Four other variables were formed by items embedded in the Childrens Industry questionnaire (CIQ) and were based on Eriksons theoretical descriptions of correlates to a sense of ind ustry. The final subject pool of this research consisted of 187 pupils from eight classrooms in three public elementary schools. There were 101 boys (54%) and 86 girls (46%). The age range was 8.6-12.8 years. The CIQ as a measure consisted of 47 items assessing the three components of the industry construct and 22 items measuring the expected correlates of industry. Three response modes were used with the CIQ. The most prevalent form (54 items) was the structured alternative format developed by Harter (1982). The child is asked first to decide which kind of child he or she is most like by choosing the child described on the left or right. Once the choice is made, the child is required to decide the extent to which the description is true for him or her on a scale ranging from 1 to 4that is, sort of true or really true, and so fortha score of 1 indicating the lower levels of the industry construct. The second response mode on the CIQ was multiple choice. The third CIQ response mode was open-ended questions. In addition there were used a Teacher Industry questionnaire (TIQ) and a Parent Industry questionnaire (PIQ). In conclusion current findings are generally supportive of the present definition of industry and this measure of it. Significant agreement between different categories of observers, making observations in a number of different ways, and the industry measure was consistently obtained. Results of the present study provide a solid beginning to the process of validating the construct of industry. 5. Article: Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage Author: Cynthia Brown, Michael J. Lowis Department of Psychology, University College Northampton, Park Campus, Northampton, England. Source: Journal of Aging Studies 17 (2003) 415-426 Summary: In their article Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage the authors Brown and Lowis want to figure out the exist of a ninth stage regarding to Joan Eriksons suggestion. Because of an increasing number of old people especially in developed countries like Germany or Japan it is necessary to do a research about this. In the end an older society provide new demands, reevaluations and daily difficulties. Even Erik Erikson saw personality as a lifelong developmental process but his theory ends with the eight stage ego integrity versus despair at the age of 65. For their research the authors used a self-report survey with individuals either completing questionnaires themselves or being assisted to do so through closed question interviews. The responses were suitable for coding and subsequent quantitative analysis. Additional qualitative data were obtained through open questions. As a result they found out that the Stage 9 scores for participants aged in their 80s/90s are significantly higher than for those aged in their 60s, but there is no significant difference between Stage 8 scores for the two age groups. But these findings can only be generalized to a wider population when they are confirmed by additional research: the present participants did embrace a range of ages, locations, and living arrangements, but comprised females only, and numbered just 70 individuals in total. Nevertheless the authors produced an instrument that has reliably measured a variable that reaches its ascendancy at an age beyond that normally ascribed to the developmental stage of ego integrity versus despair. And if confirmed, the existence of a Stage 9 would suggest that human beings remain in a situation of potential psychological growth throughout their life span. 6. Article: Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development and Career Development Author: Patrick H. Munley, Veterans Administration Hospital, Lyons, New, Jersey Source: Journal of Vocational Behavior 10, 261-269 (1977) Summary: In this article the author figures out some of the contributions of Erik Eriksons theory of the eight stages of development in providing a developmental perspective on career behavior. First he describes Eriksons Theory of the eight life stages. In his opinion the development of basic senses of initiative, industry, identity, generativity, and integrity all seem to be especially relevant to career development behavior. The theory offers a framework for integrating career development with overall human development. Furthermore Eriksons theory recognizes the role of social and cultural factors in relationship to life cycle development and provides a theoretical framework for integrating research findings on the sociology of career behavior which was already shown by several researches. A third contribution of Eriksons theory is that of the identity crisis and ego identity. Making a vocational choice or commitment is often the first important decision marking the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Thats the reason why one of the major tasks through which identity concerns are expressed in adolescence is the process of making a vocational choice. For example A person who is undecided in terms of career may not just be undecided about a vocation. He may be in the midst of an overall identity crisis. On the other side a person who has a sense of ego identity is probably more able to make appropriate vocational decisions and choices. At the end the author concluded that from both a theoretical and empirical point of view, Eriksons theory seems to provide a promising perspective for viewing career development. He said that The theory offers a framework for integrating career development with overall human development and makes a contribution toward offering a perspective for integrating social factors and personality development with career development. 7. Article: The Recovery Process Utilizing Eriksons Stages of Human Development Author: Suzanne E. Vogel-Scibilia, Kathryn Cohan McNulty, Beth Baxter, Steve Miller, Max Dine, Frederick J. Frese III Source: Community Ment Health J (2009) 45:405-414 Summary: The authors offer a psycho-developmental model that parallels Erik Eriksons theory of human development, and theorize that the process of psychiatric recovery involves a psychic reworking of these fundamental steps. They integrated all the following fundamental components of recovery which were identified by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (2005) into this developmental model: self-direction, individualized and person-centered, empowerment, holistic, non-linear, strength-based, peer-support, respect, responsibility and hope. In the eyes of the authors this builds an understandable, practical framework that allows transformation of traditional programs and therapeutic contacts into recovery-oriented services. The authors propose eight opportunities to resolve conflict in the service of personal growth and development, which parallels Eriksons eight stages. The eight stages are: Trust versus Doubt, Hope versus Shame, Empowerment versus Guilt, Action versus Ina ction, New self versus Sick self, Intimacy versus Isolation, Purpose versus Passivity Generativity and Integrity versus Despair. Based on these eight stages and on Eriksons stages of development they explain and compare the different recovery stages regarding to the recovery process of people. 8. Article: Identity Status Theory and Eriksons Theory: Communalities and Differences Author: Alan S. Waierman, Trenton State College Source: Developmental Review 8, 185-208 (1988) Summary: In this article the author outline the critique of Cà ´tà © and Levine on the identity status theory developed by James Marcia and he compares the theory with Eriksons theory of the eight stages of development. Marcias theory provides four statements: Identity Diffusion (the status in which the adolescent doesnt have a sense of having choices), Identity Foreclosure (the status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future), Identity Moratorium (the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices) and Identity Achievement (the status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity) , which differ in some important respects from that used by Erikson. The author says that there is basic agreement regarding the construct of identity itself. Erikson, Marcia and other authors using the identity status paradigm are all grasping for the same phenomenon. Furthermore they are the same opinion regarding to the domains in an individuals life that provide the context within which a persons sense of identity is formed. These include vocational choice, religious beliefs, political ideology, sex-role attitudes, and spousal and parenting roles. These are only two communalities of seven which the author claims. But there are also differences between these two theories. First he says that There is a wide divergence between Erikson and the identity status theorists using the identity status paradigm, regarding the viability and utility of the psychoanalytic framework within which the construct of ego identity was originally developed. The next difference is that the identity status paradigm explicitly addresses the more conscious aspects of the task of identity formation which is related to the rejection of psychoanalytic theory by man y identity status theorists and researchers and in contrast to Erikson. There are five more differences which the author figures out in his article. And the end of his article he gives a forecast on identity research. 9. Article : Personality Theories Erik Erikson Author : Dr.C George Boeree From Shippensburg University Source : Original E-Text-Site: [ http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/perscontents.html ] Summary : Oglala Lagota, Among the Oglala Lagota, it was traditional for an young teenage or adolescent to go off on his own. Everybody got a dream, you got a dream and I got a dreams. In some case, the dream would lead us into the realm of controlled deviations among the everybody. Eight states start from infancy on the oral sensory state, the second is the anal muscular stage, third state is genital-locomotor stage or play age, fourth state is the latency stage or school age child from 6-12, five state is adolescence. Its beginning with puverty and ending around 18 for 20 years old, six I dont know what stage name, writer not giving it. Which lasts from about 18 to about 30. The ages in the adult stage are mush fuzzier than in the childhood stages. And people may differ dramatically. 7 stage is that of middle adulthood. The middle life crisis, if you success at this stage, you will have a capacity for carring that serve you through the rest of your life. Reffered to delicalely as late adulth ood or maturity, or less delicately as old ages of last stage, begins sometimes around you retirement after the kids have gone say somewhere around 60. Its the stage just see the good thing and bad. 10. Article : Using Erikson to Work More Effectively with Teenage Parents Author : Lorraine DeJong Source : www.naeyc.org/resources/journal. Summary : According to the article, its talk about the using Ericksons theory to tech young mothers. If we see in article, well know more of quantity of teenager parent in U.S.A. Its very big problem because of the rate of pregnancy in teenagers become higher and it will be a social problem. But how Ericksons theory concern with this article? The writer gives the idea that it can help teacher understand teenager parent emotion and the need of them. The writer selects the stage 1 to 5 because it concern about teenager ages. Stage1 is talk about infancy. If the teenager lacking a trust in the world, it will effect to her baby, she will reject advice of teacher. Stage2-Toddlerhood, if young mother grow without responsibility, she may reprove about her difficulties. May be she wont take care of her child. Stage3-Preschoolyears, without the positive guide line in this stage, an adolescent may luck in basic sense of inquisitiveness, ambition, and empathy, she may not interest in her child. Stage4-School-ageyears, if teenager fails in success in this stage, she may feels incompetent and inferior. And the last-Adolescence, everything depend on the past if they didnt get trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry, they may show behavior that hazard for positive identity development. After the effect of Ericksons theory of teenager parent, a writer gives the suggestion for developing trust; autonomy, initiative, and industry such as find the way to indentify teenager, train teenagers show and manger responsibility, and etc. If adolescence mother have a good personality development technique, she will care about her responsibility to take care her child. Its very important to consider because every stage have a meaning in term of them, if it lack or gone, it will affect to feeling of the mothers and the problem will on children. 11.Article : Trust, Identity, and Ego Integrity: Modeling Eriksons Core Stages Over 34 Years. Author : Joel R. Sneed, Susan Krauss Whitbourne, Michelle E. Culang Source : Summary For this article, Writers study in Erikson development stages in term of core stage that consist of stage1, stage5, and stage8. Stage1-Trust that study in term of continuity and wholeness in the self and in another. Stage5-identity that study in the self and social. And the last is Ego integrity that study about exceeds of individual lifecycle. They take a hypothesis to examine the last investigations on the RALS that results are as follow: Stage1 is stable from ages 20 to 42, increasing in stage5 for ages 20 to 31 but stable in ages 31 to 42 and the last stage8 decreases in ages 31 to 42. After they use multilevel modeling testing, writers found the difference development trajectories across child and middle adulthood in each core stage. The first stage, writers predict endure stable over adult but after testing, the value increases in trust over a 34-year period. And next is stage5 follow Erikson set the time of the Identity ages 20 to beyond, but the present test show that substantial not occur until the late of ages 20 and early ages 30. And the last is stage8 that it value is decreasing. But in fact it will increase that affect from environment on personality. 12.Article : Eccles Development of Children Ages 6-14. Author : Jacquelynne S. Eccles Source : The Future of Children WHEN SCHOOL IS OUT Vol. 9 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No. 2 Fall 1999 Summary : This article summarized stage 4 of Ericson, the major developmental change that take place from 6-14 years old. Both article provide an overview of the kind of biological, psychological, and social changes that characterize the years between 6 to 14 for article from Eccles to facilities the our research. For children years in stage 4 is a critical period to knowing themselves. And during this time, children will grow to adults who have the power, have a freedom, feel free to participate in family. Physical insight will change the mental condition. A social role will change and pass quickly when they enter the school or doing activities with other outside the family. During mid-childhood,, they will begin to compare themselves with other, they expect success and failure, they might develop and transition to other challenges in many years. During early adolescence is they will confuse with physical and the social theat change from the start. They have a freedom and distance between the family. Meanwhile, the problem may occur. They may lose of confidence and have a negatives behavior such as abandonment of duty or resigned from the school. 13. Article : College-Educated Womens Personality Development in Adulthood: Perceptions and Age Differences Author : Alyssa N. Zucker et all Source : Journal of Adult Development, 8, p. 28. Summary : The researcher study the different between the perception of women in each age groups. Procedures and level of personality development in social change. And they recognize that confidence in each age range. The specific timing and different forms in adults and children. Research to look for reasons and what limits to reflect the development of personality in the beginning to the end of life. Characteristics of personality development in the next phase of maturity We use the information for the study of the College of Education to consider the possibility that adults are better developed. The development will be personality kick picture pros and cons are different. Women are more concerned than men. Concerns that arise are the future, career, financial, and family. Even maternity Developed differently in each generation. Women age 40-60. Will develop faster in women age 20. State conditions because of different concerns of people in each generation. A group of teenagers are relatively private world is much less likely to develop their own personality to fit the outside world. Development must have their own ways to develop the correct principles of personal. 14. Article : From Trust to Intimacy: A New Inventory for Examining Eriksons Stages of Psychosociai Development Author : Doreen A. Rosenthal, 1.4 Ross M. Gurney, 2 and Susan M. Moore 3 Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 10, No. 6, 1981 Summary : Trust to intimacy is related to the six stages of Eriksons is the relationship of each stage the adolescent ,adulthood the adjustment of adolescents in terms of differences in race thought and attitude comparison of thought , maturity , moral and the decision of the human of each stage. The some information from researchers, other who have. Both the consistent and distinctive have a reasons for supporting the theory of them self. The attitude, ethics of each stage is different. The problem of behavior or personality of human and experienced is effect on the cause of the research or evidence that the theory is accepted six stage of Erikson 15. Article : The Learning Disabled Adolescent: Eriksonian Psychosocial Development, Self-Concept, and Delinquent Behavior Author : Daniel B. Pickar and Christopher D. Tori Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1986 Summary : This journal study about disabled adolescents on three variables: Eriksons stages of psychosocial development, self-concept, and delinquent behavior. It was predicted that learning disabled adolescents would show significantly less resolution of Eriksons fourth stage, industry versus inferiority The researchers focus on the affective and motivational and use Eriksons psychosocial theory to understanding the social and emotional difficulties of learning disable adolescence. The development of an adequate feeling of competence is the critical task of a sense development and the effective in interactions with the environment. The researcher use statistical standard of Two-way ANOVA concern with the EPSI data, The Piers-Harris Childrens Self-Concept Scale and Delinquency Checklist. To find to result of significant of gender effect between learning disable and non-learning disable groups. Measure the significant of group and gender interaction. The comparison group of the self-concept of learning disabled adolescents showed that these youngsters self-concept was not significantly different than nondisabled but learning disabilities are significantly related to juvenile delinquency. Hypothesized that learning disabled adolescents would demonstrate more negative self-concept and report more delinquent behavior than their nondisabled peers. The hypothesis that learning disabled adolescents would engage in more delinquent behavior than nondisabled adolescents was not supported. The self-report delinquency data indicated that learning disabled and nondisabled adolescents participated in the same kinds and amounts of delinquent behavior. The results of this study to provide more understanding of the psychosocial development of adolescence on different variables. 16. Article : The Course and Psychosocial Correlates of Personality Disorder Symptoms in Adolescence: Eriksons Developmental Theory Revisited Author : Thomas N. Crawford,1 Patricia Cohen,2 Jeffrey G. Johnson,3 Joel R. Sneed,4 and Judith S. Brook5 Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 33, No. 5, October 2004, pp. 373-387 ( C _ 2004) Summary : Researchers focus on personality disorder in adolescents have been related with developmental patterns of behavior measured with dimensional symptom scales, personality disturbances are age-related trends in personality development. How it reflect to developmental processes in long-term risks for personality development. To understanding of how personality disorders impact on normal psychosocial development, this study used longitudinal data from a community sample to track declines in personality disorder symptoms from early adolescence to young adulthood. They used it to formulate hypotheses about how personality disorders would impact on the normative tasks of adolescence and young adulthood: (1) developing an internal sense of well-being through the consolidation of identity and (2) establishing intimacy in the form of lasting and committed romantic relationships. Although researchers now agree that identity formulation is a life-long process, adolescence and young adulthood provide the first real opportunity to develop a sense of continuity with the past, meaning in the present, and direction for the future. Identity consolidation thus emerges as the cornerstone of the capacity to do well and forms the basis of self-acceptance and self-esteem. Identity diffusion is known to share many characteristics with personality disorder symptoms according to a community-based sample of adolescents to determine whether age-related declines in Axis II symptoms are related with increases in well-being during adolescence and interpersonal intimacy during adulthood to focus on borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic symptoms (Cluster B symptoms). Two groups of sample were investigated to determine if age-related declines in Cluster B symptoms are associated with increases in well-being and interpersonal intimacy during adolescence and early adulthood. To the extent that personality disor

Violence in The House on Mango Street

In the novel The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros reveals how violence affects women on Mango Street. The women in Mango Street have abusive husbands and fathers. They don’t do anything about it because they seem to be used to being abused. Esperanza tries to deal with the violence in her neighborhood by trying to protect her friend Sally from some boys but it turns out being a failure for her. Esperanza finds it important to try and protect her friend Sally from kissing some boys. She goes to tell the boy’s mother what happen and the mother said was â€Å"That’s all? What do you want me to do she said, call the cops? † (97) The mother of the boy clearly didn’t care about what was happening, she probably thought they were just playing a game. Esperanza seemed disappointed and angry because all she wanted was for her friend to be back with her. Not the boys who made her kiss them or who knows what else they might have made her do to get her keys back. Sally didn’t really seem to be bothered from what Esperanza told. She just wanted to protect her friend, but she clearly couldn’t do anything about it. The chapter â€Å"Red Clowns† depicts how Esperanza had to deal with sexual violence by some boys who touched her at the carnival. Esperanza didn’t realize what had happened to her because she didn’t know anything about sex. She expected sex to be like in the movies she watched, so she believed everyone had lied to her about it. Girls like Esperanza see things about sex in media and believe it has to be like in the movies, shows, and in novellas. In fact, teens report that their main source of information about sex, dating and sexual health comes from what they see and hear in the media. † (Sexual Behavior. What Teens Learn From Media). It basically says that media is a high influence on the way kids see sex. This is clearly what happened to Esperanza since she said it wasn’t what she saw in the movies. It was a big let down for her even though she didnâ€⠄¢t want to be touched by the boys. â€Å"Linoleum Roses† is another chapter that depicts how Esperanza’s friend married an older man who brings violence to her life. Sally married an older man to get away from the violence she got at home from her father, who would beat her so she wouldn’t bring shame to his family. Sally ended up getting married with an older man who now beats her. Sally’s husband doesn’t allow her to go out or to communicate with her friends because he believes she belongs to him and finds the need to control her to keep her with him. â€Å"He also won’t appreciate the younger women being close to family and friends. † (Advice Women Need When Dating Older Men). This is what is happening to Sally she just doesn’t really mind because to her he is only violent once in awhile not all the time. She needs help and Esperanza notices that but she can’t really do anything about it but continue being her friend. Violence is a big part in the life of Esperanza’s best friend who she thought she had to protect because she truly cared for her. Esperanza just wanted her friend Sally back for them to be young and reckless. In the end Esperanza got past the violence in her neighborhood and what had happened to her because she wanted to live in her dream home alone.

The One Thing to Do for College Essay Topics on Heartbreak

The One Thing to Do for College Essay Topics on Heartbreak Writing a college essay can be a challenging task initially, but understanding how different topics of college essays work may help you later on. Simply take the desired science you need to compose an essay for. 1 important thing you ought to do when writing your essay is to allow it to be personal. Also, when you have an essay which you're pleased with and would love to share with others, don't hesitate to speak to us with it and well publish it with your attribution. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. Therefore, many students and employees decide to purchase cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the vast majority of our clients require is essay writing. In the event you decide you need to chat about one of the cliche essay topics mentioned previously, a fantastic approach to tell a more prevalent story is to concentrate on one specific moment and build from that point. Or perhaps you strive to write like a specific author one day. There's maybe some evidence to imply that the author was shaken somewhat from a comfortable, materialistic existence. Colleges are not searching for perfect individuals. They are more likely to admit students who can articulate specific reasons why the school is a good fit for them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. Also, bear in mind that no college is eager to admit a person who is too close-minded to gain from being taught by other people. The colleges don't wish to hear something they already know about themselves. Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to folks who are quite interested in how you'll take care of the subsequent four years by yourself. It's essential to demonstrate your capacity to be a comprehensive observer of the planet, since that will be one of your principal jobs as a college student. Explain your commitments, and you'll be the type of student colleges find immensely attractive. They are looking for a sense of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your personal growth. Unfortunately, stumbling in the TMI zone of essay topics is more prevalent than you believe. A great strategy is asking a question on the subject. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Note you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems that ought to be solved later on. At times, even when you're writing about an interesting, relevant subject, you are still able to appear immature or unready for college life due to the manner in which you present that topic the way you really write your own personal statement. Topics like death and divorce are cautionary since they can be exceedingly tough to write about. Your solution shouldn't be a book report. Who knowsthe solution to that question may be the foundation for your admission essay. The True Meaning of College Essay Topics on Heartbreak You may also get a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. It's a self-branding chance for you. Think about friends and family. The Nuiances of College Essay Topics on Heartbreak Heartbreak is part of everybody's life. Love is easily the most import ant thing in human's life. It can become an answer to various problems humanity has faced. Feeling like giving up is natural, but so as to overcome the heartbreak, we're supposed to remain strong and never give into the overwhelming urge to call it quits. All you will need is a moment. You would like to write about something which will cause you to stand out. Something you could really become meaty with that isn't just what anybody else could write. The End of College Essay Topics on Heartbreak Persuasive essays are geared toward convincing the audience in your distinctive means of thinking. Write a concise overview of your key points and the total takeaway from your reflection. The Most Popular College Essay Topics on Heartbreak There's, naturally, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Let's first point out exactly what this draft has opting for it. Even in the event the deadline is truly tight, feel free to get hold of our managers.

psy 360 - 1407 Words

Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Introduction Cognitive Psychology/PSY360 Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes surrounding learning, memory, perception, and thought. Though it is still a relatively new formal branch of psychology, its roots extend back to Descartes who sought a way to explain how the mind worked, proposing the analogy of a â€Å"hydraulic system of nerve function† (Willingham, 2007, p. 26) after he observed animated statues in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It has been the restless pursuit of not only the idea of how the mind works but also what exactly constituted the mind that eventually led to the foundations of cognitive theory. As psychologists examined how†¦show more content†¦The whole of an individual’s behavior is found neither by observation only or an examination of one’s thoughts only, but a combination of the two. The observance of behavior affords cognitive psychologists the ability to test and evaluate theories about behaviors and the hypotheses developed from them. Self-reporting can present errors that can be confirmed or rejected through the use of behavioral observation tested using empirical means. Additionally, cognitive psychologists cannot personally observe and measure internal mental processes but in utilizing behavioral observation, the cognitive psychologist can arrive at logical conclusions of the existence of the behavior based on the observation of the behavior. In using the accepted standard of behavioral procedures, cognitive psychologists are able to examine the cognitive processes thought to be the source without inferring unproven causes (Zentall, 2002). This removes much of the subjectivity that initially made the cognitive perspective suspect. Cognitive psychology developed the framework to test theories and further explain behavior using behavioral observation. Using the scientific method, the theory predicts the behavior to be expected if the said theory is provable. There are several steps to take in order to this. First, develop alternative theories by having at least two possibilities to select from whenShow MoreRelatedPsy 360 Language Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage Essay Ryan Butler Psychology 360 August 29, 2011 Professor Newlin LANGUAGE Have you ever wondered how we speak? How about why our communication is considered a language and other animal’s communication is not considered language? A wide range of beliefs exist on what defines language. Thus, by exploring the definition of language and lexicon, evaluating language’s key features, the four levels of language structure and processing, and the role of language in Cognitive PsychologyRead MorePsy 360 Cognitive Psychology Complete Class3070 Words   |  13 PagesPSY 360 Cognitive Psychology Complete Class Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/psy-360-cognitive-psychology-complete-class Product Description PSY 360 Week 1 Individual Assignment Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper (12 points): This paper should be posted as a Word attachment in the Assignment Section and should be consistent with APA guidelines. Prepare a 700-1050-word paper in which you define cognitive psychology. Be sure to address theRead MorePsy 360 Cognitive Functions and Phineas Gage994 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Functions and Phineas Gage Sherrie Y. Saunders PSY 360 Evi Pover March 18, 2013 Cognitive Functions and Phineas Gage The discussion of this paper is the role of cognitive brain functions and Phineas Gage. The amazing story of Phineas Gage will be analyzed and the explanation of cognitive functioning in regard to his situation is very interesting and is also a major topic in this paper. Cognitive brain functions will be thoroughly examined in this paper as well. Read MoreCognitive PsychologyFINAL PAPER724 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cesar Larios PSY 360 December 1, 2014 Terry Blackmon Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper The human mind is full of complexity, with it we have the ability to breath, have a heartbeat, and also process what we see around us. Many experts in the field of psychology had tried to explain the full complexity of our brain’s actions and thoughts. According to Galotti (2014), cognitive psychology studies our thoughts such as what we perceive, attend, rememberRead MoreCognitive Psychology863 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Psychology Brian Shrum Psy/360 April 11, 2013 Dr. Turner Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus said, â€Å"Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short† (Goodwin, 2008, p. 28). He was referring to the belief that while the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior is firmly entrenched in philosophy, psychology as its own discipline has only been around a short time. During this short time, different branches of psychology have come out, one of them is cognitive psychologyRead MoreLanguage Paper1243 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage Paper PSY 360 Language Paper Language is something that generally every human has as a form of communication. It can be in the form of verbal words, in the form of written words, or even in the form of signed words, but it is something that as humans we all use in one way or another. The need for language evolved as a way for people to express their thoughts, their feelings and emotions, and even their fears. Humans needed a way to communicate with each other to express thingsRead MoreLanguage and Lexicon Paper1061 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage and Lexicon Paper PSY 360 August 13, 2012 Introduction Language as we know it is very hard to define because it is the linguistics of the language, but we know it is important for our life. It is very important tool to express my feeling and opinion, and we could know what others think about. As a result, we could make connection with others. However, have you ever thought why we can communicate each other? Do you know why human’s communication is defined as language and other animal’sRead MorePhineas Gage and the Role of the Brain in Cognitive Functioning1087 Words   |  5 PagesPhineas Gage and the Role of the Brain in Cognitive Functioning BreAnne Warden PSY/360 December 5, 2011 Devlin Crose Phineas Gage and the Role of the Brain in Cognitive Functioning The brain plays a key role in cognitive functioning. Of the many areas in the brain, only certain areas have an impact on cognitive functioning. The case of a man named Phineas Gage showed key elements of specific areas in the brain that support certain cognitive functions. The traumatic brain injury that PhineasRead MoreHuman Development1184 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Development Stage Analysis Chloe PSY/201 November 23, 2014 Dr. Janis White Human Development Stage Analysis Today I have two patients’s that I will analyze for human behavior and understanding of the developmental process that relates psychologically. This is my journal that discusses my analysis to further summarize my findings and present to Dr. White for a further assessment. What I will be looking for within these two patients is theories that link to the psychological behaviorRead MoreCognitive Psychology Definition Paper1387 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Psychology Definition Paper Randy Strickland University of Phoenix PSY/360 Dione Johnson July 111, 2011 Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Introduction Cognition is the â€Å"science† term for the process of thought.† Its usage varies in different ways in accordance with different disciplines: For example, in psychology and cognitive science, it refers to an information processing view of an individuals psychological makeup. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive